For his Bicentennial in 1986, Sunthorn Phu (1786 - 1855) was honoured by UNESCO as a great man as well as Thailand people's poet. The Year also witnessed a nationwide celebration. A new edition of his works, translations, and biographical studies were published. Besides, the cultural fairs and entertainment attested to the esteem in which the poet was held.
However, little was actually done for the critical understanding of the Bicentennial Poet. First, the usual English spelling of his name was arbitrarily changed to Sunthon. Then, arguments by critics centered around such peripheral matters as his ancestry, his birth place, the dates of his compositions, etc. Lack of evidence was writ large on their opinions. Soon afterwards, one compromise after another was made among the critics. In the case of Sunthorn Phu's parentage, for example, it was eventually agreed that his father was a native of Rayong, while his mother came from Phetchaburi. Hopefully, that would leave Sunthorn Phu himself a native of Bangkok, or of Them Buri, to be exact.
As a true Buddhist, Sunthorn Phu has left no trace of himself. The only place that may beassociated with him is a temple in Bangkok called Wat Thepthidaram in which he Spent the last few years of his long monkhood from about 1840. While it is almost impossible to read the poet's works as an illustration of his life, it is actually misleading to extract the poet's life from his works. He was a fictionalist who could journey a long way from a small starting point. Did not he write one of his poems in his son's name ? Another poem which was taken from his canon and ascribed to his student may one day be reinstated.(1) And other works of Sun-thorn Phu may be discovered, if old manuscripts are not destroyed or sold to ignorant people the way they are now.
Sunthorn Phu criticism was for a long time influenced by Prince Damrong Rajanubhab's brief biography of the poet, published in 1922.(2) This piece of writing was evidently derived from an unpublished Life of Sunthon Phu by Phraya Pariyatithammathada.(3) The main tenets of Prince Damrong's criticism had the poet pinned down as a commoner who could not have received a very good education. His verse, even though melodious and partaking of common speech, was simply "market verse." Besides, Sunthorn Phu had two bad flaws, namely, drunkenness and amorousness. To these was added the unusual pride and arrogance which caused him to offend the future King Rama III and thus earned his "dark period" during that reign. This theory of the "dark period" of Sunthorn Phu was a double-edged knife : While it made the poet appear in a bad light, it also hurt King Rama 111's reputation for having done the "people's poet" an ill turn. Two later critics, Chant Khumvilai (4) and Prince Chand Chirayu Rajani, (5) tried to deny some, if not all, of these charges against the poet. Especially, Prince Chand's theory was diametrically opposed to that of Prin Damrong.(6) Ac-cordingly, two myths of Sunthorn Phu have been created. However,Prince Chand thought that he was a world-class bard like Chaucer or Shakespeare. At that time, only Prince Prem Purachatra (7) believed in making Sunthorn Phu known to the world through translations.
The present state of Sunthorn Phu criticism is very insecure. Any date or event given of the poet's life and works is necessarily compounded of critics's opinions. Even Prince Damrong's essay which serves as an introduction to every edition of Sunthorn Phu, is weighted down by additional notes of conjectural nature by later editors.
It may be well to treat Sunthorn Phu as the Poet of Four Reigns, from Rama I to Rama IV, and see his career as a progression.
The First Reign (1772 - 1809)
Sunthorn Phu was born in 1786, nineteen years after the sacking of Ayutthaya by the Burmese and four years after the establishment of Bangkok as the new capital city. Whilst the holocaust was still vivid in his mind, he witnessed two wars being simultaneously fought against the enemy, namely, the actual battles throughout the First Reign and the spiritual, or psychological warfare between righteousness and unrighteousness. He was privileged to be a commoner in that period. With the New City still made of wooden structures, the commoner was not so lowly as Prince Damrong thought. For even King Rama II himself was not a born prince. And Sunthorn Phu's early education at War Sri Sudaram in Them Buri was tantamount to that of any prince. Besides, his background gave him a vantage point.
Sunthorn Phu spent his childhood and adolescence in the Palace of the Back, as his mother was a wet-nurse to a princess of that Palace. At about twenty, he wrote a story in verse titled Khobutr for a prince. This was evidently modelled after King Rama I's Unarut and Ramakien, but with a difference. There was, in it, an emphasis, on knowl-edge and education as well as on forgiveness of one's enemies. This would become characteristic of his works.
In 1807, he made a trip to see his father who was ordained a monk in Rayong. This resulted in a travel poem in the nirat genre, titled Nirat Muang Klaeng. (8) Later in the same year, he accompanied a prince of the Back Palace to the Buddha's Foot Print in Saraburi. He wrote about the experience of this trip in Nirat Phra Bat. In these early works, Sunthorn Phu showed himself a master of the glon form (9) as well as an excellent storyteller. The two travel poems, however, relied more on outward descriptions than on inner thoughts and feelings. But already he had intro-duced his two major themes, namely, the impermanence of things and the inconstancy of women and men. These he would turn to time and again with changing perspectives.
When Sunthorn Phu left for Muang Klaeng, it was after he had been imprisoned for an affair with a court woman named Chan. Incidentally, the death of the Prince of the Back Palace in 1807 gave him an opportunity to marry this woman. But the married couple were highly temperamental. On leaving for the Buddha's Foot Print by the end of that year, he wrote that his wife had been angry with him for more than one month. They came back together, but eventually broke with each other for good. With this wife he had a son named Pat to whom he ascribed one travel poem.(10)
The poet was destined to know many women. This was not done as the aristocrat's polygamous practice, but he picked and lived with one woman at a time. And he never blamed any of them for the fact that they could not live together. The only wicked woman he ever showed was not a real person but his own creation, namely,Mora in Chan-thakorop. This woman who, in sudden sympathy for the ugly bandit who had lost his army for love of her, gave him the sword to kill her own husband was a parody of the faithful Sita in King Rama I's Ramakien. Had Sita but taken pity on the demon, all would have been lost. Sunthorn Phu thus showed himself the common poet par excellence who took to task the moral atmosphere of his day. It is a pity that the work was dismissed from the opus by Prince Damrong.
The Second Reign (1809 - 1824)
Sunthorn Phu was thirty-five years old when he entered the royal service in the Second Reign. He was given the title of Khun Sunthorn Voharn and a house at Ta Chang, near the Grand Palace. King Rama II or Lertla was every inch a poet and daily spent long hours writing poetry with his choice company. He was blessed with a long period of peace and a son who took charge of all material interests on his behalf. This son, Prince Jesdabodin and the future King Rama III, was also a remarkable poet and was in the King's poetic retinue together with Sunthorn Phu. There was a royal pavilion built on the Chao Phya River where the King composed his Ramakien, Khun Chang Khun Phan, Sang Thong, and others.
There is a well-known story of how Sunthorn Phu came to offend the future king. Prince Jesdabodin who evi-dently had considerable respect for Sunthorn Phu as a poet, showed the latter the part of Sang Thong he had written before he actually presented it to the King. Sunthorn Phu quickly inspected it and voiced approval. However, when Prince Jesdabodin read the beginning of Canto Five con-taining the line, "The King (Thao Samont) then thinks of fulfilling his daughters' wishes..." Sunthorn Phu raised the ques-tion, "What did they wish for ?" The Prince had to change his line to, "The King then thinks of getting his daughters mar-ried." Though the line was improved, the relationship between future king and poet was impaired forever.
This was the story that Prince Damrong used to support his theory about the misery and homelessness of Sun-thorn Phu after the death of King Rama II. What appeared like a deserving punishment for the poet's misdemeanour towards the future king in time became a stone around the royal neck of King Rama III. Knowing him to have had great tolerance in religious matters, among other things, this conjecture has lost its credibility.
Sunthorn Phu's life in the Second Reign must have been uneventful, except for the intellect. But intellectual de-light counted the most for him. It was always exciting to attend King Rama II's poetic composition. At one time, the King composed Ramakien and came to a description of the demon king's carriage. It was an enormous thing, as tall as the mountain which divided the worlds, drawn by 100,000 lions on each side. After having put it down, however, the King was helpless to make it move. Sunthorn Phu came to his aid, adding:
The ocean frothed up immeasurably, Waves of thick creamy water;
The Meru Mount bended as if it were wax,
And the world-bearing Anon (11) completely shook up.
What Sunthorn Phu supplied was nothing other than the natural phenomena" of the love scene in Thai literature. The royal carriage was driven by love force and lust. This was very true of Ramakien which was a long war caused by love for a woman, just like the Trojan War. King Rama II seemed to take it well in spite of the
สำหรับของเขาสองร้อยปีในปี 1986, Sunthorn ภู (1786-1855) เป็นเกียรติจากองค์การยูเนสโกเป็นคนดีเป็นกวีของประชาชนไทย ปียังเห็นงานฉลองทั่วประเทศ รุ่นใหม่เขาทำงาน แปล ชีวประวัติศึกษา และเผยแพร่ นอกจาก งานแสดงสินค้าวัฒนธรรมและบันเทิงเดอร์เพื่อต้นทุนที่จัดขึ้นที่กวีอย่างไรก็ตาม เล็กน้อยจริงแล้วที่ให้ความสำคัญของกวีสองร้อยปี ครั้งแรก การสะกดภาษาอังกฤษปกติของชื่อเขาถูกโดยเปลี่ยนสุนทร อาร์กิวเมนต์แล้ว โดยนักวิจารณ์ที่แปลกเช่นเรื่องอุปกรณ์ต่อพ่วงเป็นวงศ์ของเขา สถานที่เกิดของเขา องค์ ฯลฯ ของเขาวัน ขาดหลักฐาน writ ใหญ่ในความคิดเห็นได้ มิช้ามินาน ประนีประนอมหนึ่งหลังจากที่อื่นทำระหว่างนักวิจารณ์ ในกรณีของ Sunthorn ภู parentage ตัวอย่าง มันถูกในที่สุดตกลงว่า พ่อเป็นคนพื้นเมืองของระยอง ในขณะที่แม่ของเขามาจากเพชรบุรี หวังว่า ที่จะปล่อยภู Sunthorn เองพื้นเมือง ของกรุงเทพมหานคร หรือพวกเขา บุรี ต้องแน่นอนเป็นพุทธศาสนิกชนที่แท้จริง ภู Sunthorn มีซ้ายไม่มีร่องรอยของตัวเอง เดียวที่ beassociated กับเขาอาจเป็นวิหารในวัดเทพธิดารามวรวิหารซึ่งเขาใช้เวลาไม่กี่ปีที่ผ่านมาของพระของเขายาวจากประมาณ 1840 ในขณะที่เกือบจะไปอ่านงานของกวีเป็นภาพของชีวิต เป็นจริงทำให้เข้าใจผิดเพื่อดึงชีวิตของกวีจากผลงาน เขา fictionalist ที่สามารถเดินทางทางจากจุดเริ่มต้นเล็ก ๆ ไม่ได้ไม่เขียนบทกวีของเขาหนึ่งในชื่อของบุตร กลอนอื่นซึ่งนำมาจากแคนนอนของเขา และ ascribed นักเรียนของเขาวันหนึ่งอาจ จะกลับสู่สภาพเดิม(1) และอาจพบผลงานอื่น ๆ ของซันทอร์น ถ้าเป็นเก่าไม่ทำลาย หรือขายไปซะคนวิธีพวกเขาเป็นภู Sunthorn วิจารณ์ได้เป็นเวลานานที่รับอิทธิพลจากประวัติย่อเจ้าชายดำรง Rajanubhab ของกวี ตีพิมพ์ในค.ศ. 1922(2) กรีซชิ้นนี้ได้มาจากการประกาศชีวิตของสุนทรภู โดยพระยา Pariyatithammathada(3) tenets หลักการวิจารณ์เจ้าดำรงมีกวีที่ตรึงไว้ลงเป็นผันที่ไม่ได้รับการศึกษาดีมาก ของเขาสด แม้ว่าไพเราะ และเสียงทั่วไป กินได้เพียง "ตลาดสด" นอกจาก ภู Sunthorn มีสองไม่ดีข้อบกพร่อง ได้แก่ ฟเครื่องและ amorousness การเหล่านี้ถูกเพิ่มผิดปกติความภาคภูมิใจและหยิ่งซึ่งเกิดเขาเชือด III พระรามกษัตริย์ในอนาคต และจึง ได้รับพระ "เข้มระยะเวลา" ในช่วงรัชกาลที่ ทฤษฎีนี้ของ"มืด" ของ Sunthorn ถูกมีดสองคม: ขณะมันกวีปรากฏแสงดี มันยังเจ็บชื่อเสียง 111 สมเด็จพระรามทำ "กวีประชาชน" ที่เปิดไม่ สองหลังวิจารณ์ Chant Khumvilai (4) และเจ้าชายแชนด์ Chirayu รัชนี, (5) พยายามปฏิเสธบาง ถ้า ไม่ได้ทั้ง หมด ค่าธรรมเนียมเหล่านี้กับกวี โดยเฉพาะ ทฤษฎีเจ้าแชนด์เป็น diametrically ตรงข้ามกับที่ดำรง Prin(6) Ac-cordingly ตำนานสองของ Sunthorn สร้างแล้ว อย่างไรก็ตาม แชนด์เจ้าคิดว่า เป็น bard ระดับโลกเช่น Chaucer หรือเชกสเปียร์ ในขณะนั้น เฉพาะเจ้าชายเปรมพระเจ้า (7) เชื่อในภู Sunthorn ที่รู้จักไปทั่วโลกผ่านการแปลสถานะปัจจุบันของ Sunthorn ภูวิจารณ์มากไม่ปลอดภัยได้ จำเป็นต้องมีวันหรือเหตุการณ์ที่ให้ชีวิตและผลงานของกวีจะเพิ่มของความคิดเห็นของนักวิจารณ์ แม้แต่เจ้าชายดำรงของเรียงความซึ่งเป็นการแนะนำทุกรุ่นของ Sunthorn ถ่วงน้ำหนักลง โดยหมายเหตุเพิ่มเติมของธรรมชาติ conjectural โดยบรรณาธิการในภายหลังมันอาจจะดีในการรักษา Sunthorn ภูเป็นกวีของสี่ Reigns จากพระรามเป็นราม และดูงานของเขาเป็นความก้าวหน้าได้สมัยแรก (1772-1809)ภู Sunthorn เกิดใน 1786 ทส่วนปีหลังจาก sacking ของอยุธยาโดยพม่าและสี่ปีหลังจากก่อตั้งกรุงเทพมหานครเป็นเมืองหลวงใหม่ ขณะฮอโลคอสต์ยังคงสดใสในจิตใจของเขา เขาเห็นสองสงครามกำลังพร้อมกันสู้รบกับข้าศึก ได้แก่ การต่อสู้จริงตลอด รัชกาลแรก และทางจิตวิญญาณ หรือสงครามประสาทระหว่างความชอบธรรมและความชั่วร้ายทั้งมวล เขาได้รับสิทธิพิเศษจะ ผันที่ ด้วยยังคงนิวซิตี้ทำโครงสร้างไม้ ที่ผันได้ไม่ดังนั้นเล็กแต่ที่คิดว่า เจ้าชายดำรง สำหรับแม้ราม เองไม่เกิดเจ้า และศึกษาต้น Sunthorn ภูที่ศรีสงคราม Sudaram ในบุรีดังกล่าวเป็น tantamount to ที่มีเจ้าชาย นอกจาก เบื้องหลังเขาให้เขาจุดชมวิวSunthorn Phu spent his childhood and adolescence in the Palace of the Back, as his mother was a wet-nurse to a princess of that Palace. At about twenty, he wrote a story in verse titled Khobutr for a prince. This was evidently modelled after King Rama I's Unarut and Ramakien, but with a difference. There was, in it, an emphasis, on knowl-edge and education as well as on forgiveness of one's enemies. This would become characteristic of his works.In 1807, he made a trip to see his father who was ordained a monk in Rayong. This resulted in a travel poem in the nirat genre, titled Nirat Muang Klaeng. (8) Later in the same year, he accompanied a prince of the Back Palace to the Buddha's Foot Print in Saraburi. He wrote about the experience of this trip in Nirat Phra Bat. In these early works, Sunthorn Phu showed himself a master of the glon form (9) as well as an excellent storyteller. The two travel poems, however, relied more on outward descriptions than on inner thoughts and feelings. But already he had intro-duced his two major themes, namely, the impermanence of things and the inconstancy of women and men. These he would turn to time and again with changing perspectives.When Sunthorn Phu left for Muang Klaeng, it was after he had been imprisoned for an affair with a court woman named Chan. Incidentally, the death of the Prince of the Back Palace in 1807 gave him an opportunity to marry this woman. But the married couple were highly temperamental. On leaving for the Buddha's Foot Print by the end of that year, he wrote that his wife had been angry with him for more than one month. They came back together, but eventually broke with each other for good. With this wife he had a son named Pat to whom he ascribed one travel poem.(10)The poet was destined to know many women. This was not done as the aristocrat's polygamous practice, but he picked and lived with one woman at a time. And he never blamed any of them for the fact that they could not live together. The only wicked woman he ever showed was not a real person but his own creation, namely,Mora in Chan-thakorop. This woman who, in sudden sympathy for the ugly bandit who had lost his army for love of her, gave him the sword to kill her own husband was a parody of the faithful Sita in King Rama I's Ramakien. Had Sita but taken pity on the demon, all would have been lost. Sunthorn Phu thus showed himself the common poet par excellence who took to task the moral atmosphere of his day. It is a pity that the work was dismissed from the opus by Prince Damrong.The Second Reign (1809 - 1824)Sunthorn Phu was thirty-five years old when he entered the royal service in the Second Reign. He was given the title of Khun Sunthorn Voharn and a house at Ta Chang, near the Grand Palace. King Rama II or Lertla was every inch a poet and daily spent long hours writing poetry with his choice company. He was blessed with a long period of peace and a son who took charge of all material interests on his behalf. This son, Prince Jesdabodin and the future King Rama III, was also a remarkable poet and was in the King's poetic retinue together with Sunthorn Phu. There was a royal pavilion built on the Chao Phya River where the King composed his Ramakien, Khun Chang Khun Phan, Sang Thong, and others.There is a well-known story of how Sunthorn Phu came to offend the future king. Prince Jesdabodin who evi-dently had considerable respect for Sunthorn Phu as a poet, showed the latter the part of Sang Thong he had written before he actually presented it to the King. Sunthorn Phu quickly inspected it and voiced approval. However, when Prince Jesdabodin read the beginning of Canto Five con-taining the line, "The King (Thao Samont) then thinks of fulfilling his daughters' wishes..." Sunthorn Phu raised the ques-tion, "What did they wish for ?" The Prince had to change his line to, "The King then thinks of getting his daughters mar-ried." Though the line was improved, the relationship between future king and poet was impaired forever.This was the story that Prince Damrong used to support his theory about the misery and homelessness of Sun-thorn Phu after the death of King Rama II. What appeared like a deserving punishment for the poet's misdemeanour towards the future king in time became a stone around the royal neck of King Rama III. Knowing him to have had great tolerance in religious matters, among other things, this conjecture has lost its credibility.Sunthorn Phu's life in the Second Reign must have been uneventful, except for the intellect. But intellectual de-light counted the most for him. It was always exciting to attend King Rama II's poetic composition. At one time, the King composed Ramakien and came to a description of the demon king's carriage. It was an enormous thing, as tall as the mountain which divided the worlds, drawn by 100,000 lions on each side. After having put it down, however, the King was helpless to make it move. Sunthorn Phu came to his aid, adding:The ocean frothed up immeasurably, Waves of thick creamy water;The Meru Mount bended as if it were wax,And the world-bearing Anon (11) completely shook up.What Sunthorn Phu supplied was nothing other than the natural phenomena" of the love scene in Thai literature. The royal carriage was driven by love force and lust. This was very true of Ramakien which was a long war caused by love for a woman, just like the Trojan War. King Rama II seemed to take it well in spite of the
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