1. Introduction
The research on projects has expanded during the last decades. The focus of the project research and also the focus of the strategic perspective of projects is either on a single or multi-project level, or on the whole organization level (verify [29]). Projects and strategies have been approached e.g. with the following views:
Project business strategies. The project portfolio strategy (e.g. [3–5]) is one of the most important views. The front end of the projects is one approach to the project business strategies. The challenge lies on what kind of projects to select and how to manage all the different kinds of projects.
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www.elsevier.com/locate/ijproman International Journal of Project Management 25 (2007) 659–665
Corresponding author. Tel.: +358 6 326 3251; fax: +358 6 326 3112. E-mail address: marja.naaranoja@puv.fi (M. Naaranoja).
0263-7863/$30.00 2007 Elsevier Ltd and IPMA. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2007.04.002
c
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
‘Project strategy refers to a high level plan for achieving the given project’s objectives (e.g. [1]). There are strategic decisions in every stage of the project.
‘Project management strategy refers to a strategy for the management of a project like teaming strategy; flexibility of projects; risk management avoidance strategy like piloting; contract strategy and alliances.
Many researchers have pointed out the importance of defining and managing the final project product (e.g. [3,23,12]). Combination of project and program or project plans and other management plans are used to manage programs and projects, parts of which describe how the project is to be undertaken – in other words, its strategy [23]. Value management combined with risk management supports the achievement of strategic objectives.
Projects have typically at least four phases: (1) proposal and initiation; (2) definition and appraisal; (3) implementation and control; and (4) finalization and close up. According to Turner [31] each phase is a miniproject that needs to be managed. He defined that there are three levels in the whole project and also in each of the phases phase: integrative, strategic and detail levels. The main result of the integrative level is the project definition plan. In the strategic level the objectives are defined and the means of how these objectives are achieved. The milestones for the project are set. In detail level the project tasks are performed. Turner [31] has defined that the strategy needs to be studied first in the larger context and the lower context strategies are then linked to the larger ones.
Anttila et al. [2] argue that only the final end result matters. Time, cost and resources are constrained objectives of the project – more important is to focus on defining and managing the final project product [3].
1. Introduction
The research on projects has expanded during the last decades. The focus of the project research and also the focus of the strategic perspective of projects is either on a single or multi-project level, or on the whole organization level (verify [29]). Projects and strategies have been approached e.g. with the following views:
Project business strategies. The project portfolio strategy (e.g. [3–5]) is one of the most important views. The front end of the projects is one approach to the project business strategies. The challenge lies on what kind of projects to select and how to manage all the different kinds of projects.
*
www.elsevier.com/locate/ijproman International Journal of Project Management 25 (2007) 659–665
Corresponding author. Tel.: +358 6 326 3251; fax: +358 6 326 3112. E-mail address: marja.naaranoja@puv.fi (M. Naaranoja).
0263-7863/$30.00 2007 Elsevier Ltd and IPMA. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2007.04.002
c
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
‘Project strategy refers to a high level plan for achieving the given project’s objectives (e.g. [1]). There are strategic decisions in every stage of the project.
‘Project management strategy refers to a strategy for the management of a project like teaming strategy; flexibility of projects; risk management avoidance strategy like piloting; contract strategy and alliances.
Many researchers have pointed out the importance of defining and managing the final project product (e.g. [3,23,12]). Combination of project and program or project plans and other management plans are used to manage programs and projects, parts of which describe how the project is to be undertaken – in other words, its strategy [23]. Value management combined with risk management supports the achievement of strategic objectives.
Projects have typically at least four phases: (1) proposal and initiation; (2) definition and appraisal; (3) implementation and control; and (4) finalization and close up. According to Turner [31] each phase is a miniproject that needs to be managed. He defined that there are three levels in the whole project and also in each of the phases phase: integrative, strategic and detail levels. The main result of the integrative level is the project definition plan. In the strategic level the objectives are defined and the means of how these objectives are achieved. The milestones for the project are set. In detail level the project tasks are performed. Turner [31] has defined that the strategy needs to be studied first in the larger context and the lower context strategies are then linked to the larger ones.
Anttila et al. [2] argue that only the final end result matters. Time, cost and resources are constrained objectives of the project – more important is to focus on defining and managing the final project product [3].
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