2.2. Virgin coconut oil residue (VOR)
Shells of fully mature seasoned coconuts were removed. The brown testa was peeled off and the white kernels obtained were disintegrated and dried in a cabinet dryer (Wessberg, Martin, Germany) at 70 °C to a moisture content of 2–3%.
Dehydrated coconut kernels were fed to virgin coconut oil extraction machine (Cold press; Komet DD85, Germany). The oil was expelled at 65 °C. The residue obtained in this process was ground in a domestic grinder (LG, Korea) to obtain coconut flour from virgin coconut oil residue (VOR).