Our finding that nuclear actin and myosins are involved in adenovirus infection joins a growing list of studies implicating these proteins in the life cycle of viruses that replicate in the nucleus. Indeed, the manipulation of nuclear actin may be a conserved mechanism, since multiple nuclear replicating viruses require nuclear actin and myosins to different extents. Previous studies have shown that baculovirus can manipulate nuclear actin polymerization via Arp2/3 to infiltrate the nucleus [1], and herpes virus may also manipulate nuclear actin polymerization for infection and replication [3], [4] and [5]. Our results suggest nuclear actin and myosins may be involved in the subversion of transcription from the host to the viral genome, but how adenoviruses regulate nuclear actin and myosins remains unknown. Previous studies have shown that adenovirus is able to actively subvert the host's actin network. Work in the Ad2 serotype has shown that E4orf4 protein is able to bind Rho GTPases to regulate actin dynamics in the cytoplasm [48]. Because many of the same actin binding proteins, including WASP, Rho, and Rac1, have been shown to regulate actin dynamics in the nucleus as well [22], [49] and [50], it is possible that viral proteins regulate nuclear actin dynamics. Also intriguing is the ability of actin to serve as both a substrate and as a co-factor along with viral DNA to activate the adenovirus protease in the late stages of infection [51]. Future studies will be needed to discern how adenoviruses are able to subvert nuclear actin and myosins.