2.2. Corporate governance and audit fees
Although many studies have examined the factors influencing audit fees, the relationship between corporate
governance and audit fees is only now beginning to receive extensive research attention. The preliminary evidence
is inconsistent (Cai, 2007). Overseas studies generally begin with the hypothesis that audits are a form of
external governance and investigate the influence of agency costs and board of director characteristics on audit
pricing. For example, Gul et al. (1998) examine the association between the magnitude of earnings/accruals (as
a proxy for agency costs) and audit pricing and find a positive relationship. They also find audit prices to be
lower for family companies than other kinds of companies and report the number of independent directors to
be negatively related to audit fees. Gul and Tsui (2001) testify to the influence of agency costs on audit pricing
in the Australian audit market. Carcello et al. (2002) investigate the association between board of director
characteristics and external audit fees using Fortune 1000 data, and find a significant positive relationship
between audit fees and board independence, expertise and diligence. Hay et al. (2004) believe that the promulgation
of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, Section 404 of which demands that listed companies disclose internal control
information, will increase opportunities to investigate the association between corporate governance and
2.2. Corporate governance and audit fees
Although many studies have examined the factors influencing audit fees, the relationship between corporate
governance and audit fees is only now beginning to receive extensive research attention. The preliminary evidence
is inconsistent (Cai, 2007). Overseas studies generally begin with the hypothesis that audits are a form of
external governance and investigate the influence of agency costs and board of director characteristics on audit
pricing. For example, Gul et al. (1998) examine the association between the magnitude of earnings/accruals (as
a proxy for agency costs) and audit pricing and find a positive relationship. They also find audit prices to be
lower for family companies than other kinds of companies and report the number of independent directors to
be negatively related to audit fees. Gul and Tsui (2001) testify to the influence of agency costs on audit pricing
in the Australian audit market. Carcello et al. (2002) investigate the association between board of director
characteristics and external audit fees using Fortune 1000 data, and find a significant positive relationship
between audit fees and board independence, expertise and diligence. Hay et al. (2004) believe that the promulgation
of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, Section 404 of which demands that listed companies disclose internal control
information, will increase opportunities to investigate the association between corporate governance and
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