Relative position between the line and the stroke location.
The situation considered in Figure 12.19a, where the lightning strike point is in front of the transformer, corresponds to the most critical one in terms of the amplitudes of the overvoltages induced at the transformer LV terminals. The voltages at this point tend to decrease asthe flash moves in direction to one of the line ends. In the situation indicated in Figure 12.23, the strike point is equidistant from the transformer and one of the LV power installations, while its distance to the line is the same as in the base case (50 m).
The phase-to-earth and phase-to-neutral voltages induced at the transformer terminals in the two situations are compared in Figure 12.24. The closer the distance between the transformer and the stroke location, the larger the voltage magnitude across its terminals. The phase-to-earth voltage at the point of the line closest to the stroke location in Figure 12.23 is much larger than that induced at the transformer LV terminals in the situation shown in Figure 12.19a (strike point in front of the transformer). The reason for this is that in the former case the effect of the reflections that occur at the transformer and at the power installations are delayed due to the time required for their propagation to the observation point. This can be readily seen in Figure 12.25a. For the stroke current waveform considered, the voltage peak value is reached before the arrival of the reflections and therefore the magnitude of the first positive peak is exactly the same as that shown in Figure 12.17b, relative to a line without transformer, power installations and neutral conductor. The arrival of the reflections (at 0.54 ms) causes the voltage to oscillate with a frequency f determined by the distance between the transformer and the closest power installation xg. In this case xg¼200 m, and thus the frequency is approximately f¼c/ (2xg)¼750 kHz. As shown in Figure 12.25b, the difference between the phase-to-neutral voltages is also important, although less significant.
Distance between the line and the lightning strike point.
The distance between the line and the lightning strike point has a considerable influence on the induced voltages, particularly on their amplitudes. This is illustrated in Figure 12.26, which presents the phase-to-earth and phase-to-neutral voltages at the transformer LV terminals for distances d of 25, 50 (base case) and 100 m. As