Marriages and children
The discovery and publication in 1987 of an early correspondence between Einstein and Marić revealed that they had had a daughter, called "Lieserl" in their letters, born in early 1902 in Novi Sad where Marić was staying with her parents. Marić returned to Switzerland without the child, whose real name and fate are unknown. Einstein probably never saw his daughter. The contents of his letter to Marić in September 1903 suggest that the girl was either adopted or died of scarlet fever in infancy.
Einstein and Marić married in January 1903. In May 1904, the couple's first son, Hans Albert Einstein, was born in Bern, Switzerland. Their second son, Eduard, was born in Zürich in July 1910. In 1914, the couple separated; Einstein moved to Berlin and his wife remained in Zürich with their sons. They divorced on 14 February 1919, having lived apart for five years. Eduard, whom his father called "Tete" (for petit), had a breakdown at about age 20 and was diagnosed with schizophrenia. His mother cared for him and he was also committed to asylums for several periods, including full-time after her death.
The marriage with Marić does not seem to have been very happy. In letters revealed in 2015, Einstein wrote to his early love, Marie Winteler, about his marriage and his still strong feelings for Marie. In 1910 he wrote to her that "I think of you in heartfelt love every spare minute and am so unhappy as only a man can be" while his wife was pregnant with their second child. Einstein spoke about a "misguided love" and a "missed life" regarding his love for Marie.
Einstein married Elsa Löwenthal on 2 June 1919, after having had a relationship with her since 1912. She was a first cousin maternally and a second cousin paternally. In 1933, they emigrated to the United States. In 1935, Elsa Einstein was diagnosed with heart and kidney problems; she died in December 1936.
Patent office
After graduating, Einstein spent almost two frustrating years searching for a teaching post. He acquired Swiss citizenship in February 1901, but was not conscripted for medical reasons. With the help of Marcel Grossmann's father Einstein secured a job in Bern at the Federal Office for Intellectual Property, the patent office, as an assistant examiner. He evaluated patent applications for a variety of devices including a gravel sorter and an electromechanical typewriter. In 1903, Einstein's position at the Swiss Patent Office became permanent, although he was passed over for promotion until he "fully mastered machine technology".
Much of his work at the patent office related to questions about transmission of electric signals and electrical-mechanical synchronization of time, two technical problems that show up conspicuously in the thought experiments that eventually led Einstein to his radical conclusions about the nature of light and the fundamental connection between space and time.
With a few friends he had met in Bern, Einstein started a small discussion group, self-mockingly named "The Olympia Academy", which met regularly to discuss science and philosophy. Their readings included the works of Henri Poincaré, Ernst Mach, and David Hume, which influenced his scientific and philosophical outlook.
Academic career
In 1900, his paper "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen" ("Conclusions from the Capillarity Phenomena") was published in the prestigious Annalen der Physik. On 30 April 1905, Einstein completed his thesis, with Alfred Kleiner, Professor of Experimental Physics, serving as pro-forma advisor. As a result, Einstein was awarded a PhD by the University of Zürich, with his dissertation entitled, "A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions." That same year, which has been called Einstein's annus mirabilis (miracle year), he published four groundbreaking papers, on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, special relativity, and the equivalence of mass and energy, which were to bring him to the notice of the academic world.
By 1908, he was recognized as a leading scientist and was appointed lecturer at the University of Bern. The following year, after giving a lecture on electrodynamics and the relativity principle at the University of Zurich, Alfred Kleiner recommended him to the faculty for a newly created professorship in theoretical physics. Einstein was appointed associate professor in 1909.
Einstein became a full professor at the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague in April 1911, accepting Austrian citizenship in the Austro-Hungarian empire to do so. During his Prague stay Einstein wrote 11 scientific works, 5 of them on radiation mathematics and on quantum theory of the solids. In July 1912 he returned to his alma mater in Zürich. From 1912 until 1914 he was professor of theoretical physics at the ETH Zurich, where he taught analytical mechanics and thermodynamics. He also studied continuum mechanics, the molecular theory of heat, and the problem of gravitation, on which he worked with mathematician and his friend Marcel Grossmann.
In 1914, he returned to the German Empire after being appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics (1914–1932) and a professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin, but freed from most teaching obligations. He soon became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, and in 1916 was appointed president of the German Physical Society (1916–1918).
Based on calculations Einstein made in 1911, about his new theory of general relativity, light from another star would be bent by the Sun's gravity. In 1919 that prediction was confirmed by Sir Arthur Eddington during the solar eclipse of 29 May 1919. Those observations were published in the international media, making Einstein world famous. On 7 November 1919, the leading British newspaper The Times printed a banner headline that read: "Revolution in Science – New Theory of the Universe – Newtonian Ideas Overthrown".
In 1920, he became Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1921, Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect, as relativity was considered still somewhat controversial. Einstein was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1921. He also received the Copley Medal from the Royal Society in 1925.
สมรสและบุตรค้นพบและเผยแพร่ในปี 1987 การติดต่อช่วงระหว่างไอน์สไตน์และ Marić เปิดเผยว่า พวกเขาเคยมีลูกสาว เรียกว่า "Lieserl" ในจดหมายของพวกเขา เกิดใน 1902 ต้นซาดที่ Marić ได้อยู่กับพ่อแม่ Marić ส่งกลับไปประเทศสวิตเซอร์แลนด์ โดยเด็ก ชื่อจริงและชะตากรรมจะไม่รู้จัก ไอน์สไตน์ไม่เห็นลูกสาวของเขา เนื้อหาของจดหมายของเขาเพื่อ Marić ในเดือน 1903 กันยายนแนะนำว่า หญิงสาวถูกนำมาใช้ หรือตายของไข้ดำแดงในตราสินค้าไอน์สไตน์และ Marić แต่งงานในเดือน 1903 มกราคม ใน 1904 พฤษภาคม ถูกเกิดของคู่แรกสน ฮันส์อัลเบิร์ตไอน์สไตน์ เบิร์น สวิตเซอร์แลนด์ ลูกชายของพวกเขาที่สอง Eduard เกิดใน Zürich ใน 1910 กรกฎาคม ใน 1914 คู่แยก ไอน์สไตน์ย้ายไปเบอร์ลิน และภรรยาของเขายังคงอยู่ในเหล้ายินกับบุตรของพวกเขา พวกเขาหย่าแล้วใน 14 1919 กุมภาพันธ์ มีแยกกันอยู่เป็นเวลาห้าปี Eduard ที่พ่อเรียกว่า "พบสังสรรค์" (สำหรับเพทิท), มีรายละเอียดที่เกี่ยวกับอายุ 20 และได้รับการวินิจฉัยโรคจิตเภท แม่ของเขาดูแลเขา และเขาได้ตั้งใจ asylums สำหรับรอบระยะเวลาต่าง ๆ รวมทั้งแบบเต็มเวลาหลังการตายของเธอแต่งงานกับ Marić ดูเหมือนว่าไม่ได้มีความสุขมาก ตัวที่เปิดเผยใน 2015 ไอน์สไตน์เขียนถึงพระต้นรัก มารี Winteler เกี่ยวกับการแต่งงานของเขาและความรู้สึกของเขายังคงแข็งแกร่งสำหรับมารี ใน 1910 เขาเขียนถึงเธอว่า "ผมคิดว่า คุณรักความจริงใจทุกนาทีอะไหล่และน.ดังนั้นไม่มีความสุขเป็นมนุษย์เท่านั้นที่สามารถ" ขณะภรรยาตั้งครรภ์ มีลูกสอง ไอน์สไตน์พูดเกี่ยวกับ "รัก misguided" และเป็น "ที่ไม่มีชีวิต" เกี่ยวกับความรักของพระองค์มารีไอน์สไตน์แต่งงาน Elsa Löwenthal ในเดือน 1919 มิถุนายน 2 หลังจากไม่มีความสัมพันธ์กับเธอตั้งแต่ซาวน่า เธอเป็นลูกพี่ลูกน้องตัวแรก maternally และญาติสอง paternally ในปี 1933 พวกเขาได้อพยพไปสหรัฐอเมริกา ในปี 1935, Elsa ไอน์สไตน์มีการวินิจฉัย ด้วยปัญหาเกี่ยวกับหัวใจและไต เธอเสียชีวิตในเดือนธันวาคมค.ศ. 1936สำนักงานสิทธิบัตรไอน์สไตน์ใช้เวลาเกือบสองปีที่น่าผิดหวังค้นหาโพสต์สอนหลังจากจบการศึกษา เขาได้รับสัญชาติสวิสใน 1901 กุมภาพันธ์ แต่ถูกไม่เกณฑ์เหตุผลทางการแพทย์ ช่วยพ่อ Marcel Grossmann ไอน์สไตน์เสนองานในเบิร์นที่สำนักงานของรัฐบาลกลางสำหรับทรัพย์สินทางปัญญา สำนักงานสิทธิบัตร เป็นผู้ตรวจสอบเป็นผู้ช่วย เขาประเมินสิทธิบัตรโปรแกรมประยุกต์สำหรับอุปกรณ์รวมทั้งการคัดแยกกรวดและมีเครื่องพิมพ์ดีดไฟฟ้า ใน 1903 ตำแหน่งของไอน์สไตน์ที่สวิสสิทธิบัตรสำนักงานเป็นถาวร แม้ว่าเขาถูกส่งผ่านสำหรับโปรโมชั่นจนกว่าเขา "อย่างเข้าใจเทคโนโลยีเครื่องจักร"Much of his work at the patent office related to questions about transmission of electric signals and electrical-mechanical synchronization of time, two technical problems that show up conspicuously in the thought experiments that eventually led Einstein to his radical conclusions about the nature of light and the fundamental connection between space and time.With a few friends he had met in Bern, Einstein started a small discussion group, self-mockingly named "The Olympia Academy", which met regularly to discuss science and philosophy. Their readings included the works of Henri Poincaré, Ernst Mach, and David Hume, which influenced his scientific and philosophical outlook.Academic careerIn 1900, his paper "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen" ("Conclusions from the Capillarity Phenomena") was published in the prestigious Annalen der Physik. On 30 April 1905, Einstein completed his thesis, with Alfred Kleiner, Professor of Experimental Physics, serving as pro-forma advisor. As a result, Einstein was awarded a PhD by the University of Zürich, with his dissertation entitled, "A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions." That same year, which has been called Einstein's annus mirabilis (miracle year), he published four groundbreaking papers, on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, special relativity, and the equivalence of mass and energy, which were to bring him to the notice of the academic world.By 1908, he was recognized as a leading scientist and was appointed lecturer at the University of Bern. The following year, after giving a lecture on electrodynamics and the relativity principle at the University of Zurich, Alfred Kleiner recommended him to the faculty for a newly created professorship in theoretical physics. Einstein was appointed associate professor in 1909.Einstein became a full professor at the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague in April 1911, accepting Austrian citizenship in the Austro-Hungarian empire to do so. During his Prague stay Einstein wrote 11 scientific works, 5 of them on radiation mathematics and on quantum theory of the solids. In July 1912 he returned to his alma mater in Zürich. From 1912 until 1914 he was professor of theoretical physics at the ETH Zurich, where he taught analytical mechanics and thermodynamics. He also studied continuum mechanics, the molecular theory of heat, and the problem of gravitation, on which he worked with mathematician and his friend Marcel Grossmann.In 1914, he returned to the German Empire after being appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics (1914–1932) and a professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin, but freed from most teaching obligations. He soon became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, and in 1916 was appointed president of the German Physical Society (1916–1918).Based on calculations Einstein made in 1911, about his new theory of general relativity, light from another star would be bent by the Sun's gravity. In 1919 that prediction was confirmed by Sir Arthur Eddington during the solar eclipse of 29 May 1919. Those observations were published in the international media, making Einstein world famous. On 7 November 1919, the leading British newspaper The Times printed a banner headline that read: "Revolution in Science – New Theory of the Universe – Newtonian Ideas Overthrown".In 1920, he became Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1921, Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect, as relativity was considered still somewhat controversial. Einstein was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1921. He also received the Copley Medal from the Royal Society in 1925.
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