feeding insects, as a reaction to ovipositing insects or for protection (Stephenson and Scott, 1992). Abnormal growths have been found on several leaves from the Siwalik fossil ecosystem providing direct evidence of insect-plant interaction. Leaf impressions of Actinodaphne angustifolia (Fig. 5A, B) show a small size (0.05–0.1 cm) simple spot gall positioned on the apical surface of the laminar between the primary veins. A leaf impression of Chonemorpha macrophylla (Fig. 4A) shows a small cone gall on the whole surface of the lamina. The size of the gall is small, b3.0 mm in diameter. On fossil leaves of Callicarpa (Rubiaceae) each gall is circular with a single exit pore at the centre of the gall (Fig. 4C). The wall of a gall, positioned on the midrib, on a fossil leaf of Canarium bengalense is rough (Fig. 4D). A small circular thickening of
0.2 mm-0.3 mm in diameter was observed on an unidentified angiosperm leaf (Fig. 5D). Similar type of galls are found on the moden leaves of Millettia sp. of Fabaceae (Fig. 8D, E). Galls on some specimens are scattered near the midrib, leaf margin especially in leaf apex, which are very prominent. Some specimens also seem to show reddish, black and white stains similar to blotch marks of insects at the leaf bases and leaf apices. These stains may have been caused by the larvae leaving faecal material when they were in the mines or on the lamina. The leaf lamina appears to have been used as a substratum for shelter. These