2.1. Measurement of temperature history
The water temperature testing was conducted using a linear array of seven 500-Watt halogen lamps (white-light).
Although these lamps do not produce the same broadband radiation as sunlight, they were assessed to have
comparable infrared radiation wavelengths, and thus suitable for assessing radiation-based heating. A pyrometer was
used to provide a uniform distribution of radiation intensity, with the configuration providing an average intensity of
between 480 – 500 W/m2 at the testing location. Temperatures were measured using a Texas Instruments LM335
two-terminal zenor system with accuracy and non-linearity of +/- 1K. An Arduino Uno ADC was used to enable
data recording to a PC. The aim was to determine what temperature history and residence time each water sample
would be exposed to under typical operating conditions.