The start-up period usually requires several months with the
same groundwater without the potassium permanganate dosing.
To start up the treatment system rapidly, potassium permanganate
was used to accelerate the formation of an activated film on the
surface of virgin sands. The column was monitored continuously
for about one year (from March, 2013 to March, 2014),
and the concentration of ammonium and manganese in the influent
and effluent are shown in