All participants were also asked to check off a list of six ‘drawbacks of smoking’. The six items were ‘harms one's health’, ‘wastes money’, ‘pollutes the environment’, ‘creates a bad impression’, ‘produces bad breath’ and ‘does no harm’. Again, the item ‘does no harm’ was coded as 0 and the rest each received a score of 1. A mean was calculated for the six items.