Keynes himself doubted that merely changing interest rates would be sufficient to significantly alter business confidence and thus increase investment to produce a growing economy. The state also had to intervene through monetary and fiscal policies. Subsequently, conservative Keynesian economists have seen monetary policy, especially the manipulation of interest rates, as a relatively non bureaucratic, non-state-intrusive method by which the central bank of a country tries to influence national income and employment. The basic idea is this: when an economy shows signs of moving into recession, the central bank (Federal Reserve Bank in the United States, Bank of England in Britain, etc.) lowers the rate that it charges for borrowing money-the private bank then follow. Lower interest rates encourage businesses, municipalities, and consumers to borrow money and spend it on new machinery, public works, houses, and consumer goods-the "multiplier effect." Increased demand coming from these sources then restimulates the economy, pulling it out of recession. And business confidence increases, so industry begins investing again-the "accelerator effect."