Or some aversive stimulus will follow. See for example, Tolman (1932) and Humphreys (1939). A variation of this theme is the S-R-S view, which assumes that in the presence of Stimulus 1 the organism learns that if Response 1 is emitted, stimulus 2 will follow (see MacCorquodale & Meehi, 1953, 1954, Tolman, 1959).