Although the distinction between applied and theoretical research could arguably be operational in a number of different ways, because we compared our data to those reported by Nolan et al. (1999), we retained their definition. Experimental research articles were classified as ‘‘applied’’ if the interventions addressed specific problems in organizations (e.g., to increase productivity or decrease absenteeism). All articles classified as ‘‘applied’’ were field studies, however, not all research studies conducted in field settings were classified as ‘‘applied.’’ In other words, research that was conducted to specifically solve an organizational problem was classified as ‘‘applied’’; all other research was classified as theoretical. Theoretical research was therefore defined as research conducted to answer more basic questions, or ‘‘bridge’’ research questions.