By way of example, since hope consists of both willpower (agency) and pathways, participants are first asked to set an important specific goal they want to strive to attain. Next, they are asked to identify real and potential obstacles in striving for this goal. Finally, they are asked to determine how to get around the problems. As in each phase of the training, after doing this goalsetting and pathways exercise individually, participants share what they have come up with and then receive a critique and feedback from the facilitator and mainly from their assigned small-group members. They receive constructive comments and specific suggestions. The peer group members also help identify other relevant obstacles that may have been overlooked and suggest successful pathways from their experience that could be used to attain such goals. This PCD process builds not only hope in the participants but also optimism (triggering internal attributions for success and enhancing positive future expectations) and efficacy.