Social motility was also triggered by physical agitation or
partial disruption of previously undisturbed developing SLbiofilms
(see Additional files 5, 6 and 7: Movies 4, 5 and 6).
Ring-shaped SL-biofilms, which developed 3 days after an
exponential phase culture was left to incubate in replicate
Petri dishes under static conditions, formed extensions
and migrated towards the perimeter of the dish through a
network of apparent cellular streams for over 1.5 h after
the culture vessel was gently moved (see Additional file 5:
Movie 4). Additional SL-biofilms from the same replicate
set retained this sensitivity through day 5 of incubation.
As SL-biofilms became denser and reached a stationary
phase of growth after 10 days of incubation, identical
applications of physical agitation or partial disruption no
longer induced social motility. Coordinated motility as
shown in Figure 4 and in Movies 2 to 6 (Additional files 3,
4, 5, 6 and 7) has been observed in many independent
experiments and is absent in identically prepared heattreated
SL-biofilms (Figure 4A; Additional file 6: Movie 5)
and SL-biofilms chemically fixed with formaldehyde
(Figure 4A; Additional file 7: Movie 6).
Social motility was also triggered by physical agitation or
partial disruption of previously undisturbed developing SLbiofilms
(see Additional files 5, 6 and 7: Movies 4, 5 and 6).
Ring-shaped SL-biofilms, which developed 3 days after an
exponential phase culture was left to incubate in replicate
Petri dishes under static conditions, formed extensions
and migrated towards the perimeter of the dish through a
network of apparent cellular streams for over 1.5 h after
the culture vessel was gently moved (see Additional file 5:
Movie 4). Additional SL-biofilms from the same replicate
set retained this sensitivity through day 5 of incubation.
As SL-biofilms became denser and reached a stationary
phase of growth after 10 days of incubation, identical
applications of physical agitation or partial disruption no
longer induced social motility. Coordinated motility as
shown in Figure 4 and in Movies 2 to 6 (Additional files 3,
4, 5, 6 and 7) has been observed in many independent
experiments and is absent in identically prepared heattreated
SL-biofilms (Figure 4A; Additional file 6: Movie 5)
and SL-biofilms chemically fixed with formaldehyde
(Figure 4A; Additional file 7: Movie 6).
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