Given that the concept of moving a cryogenic zone longitudinally along the column was previously not described, and nor was our prior description of moving the column back-and-forth through a fixed cryotrap, we owe much of our success to the development of our LMCS system in the 1990s.
The use of cryogenic modulation has now become a common approach around the world for implementation of the GC×GC method (see below).