,vertebral anomalies, and clubfoot.
Incidence of congenital malformations was greater with a higher first trimester HbA1c—6.3% (6) for HbA1c 4.0-6.0%, 6.4% (8) for HbA1c 6.1-7.0%,and 12.9% (9) for HbA1c > 7.0%. (First trimester HbA1c was determined in 23 out of 29 pregnancies with a malformed infant.)