the procedures for ion exchange capacity (IEC) measurement were as follows. 50 mg of water bamboo husk particles were
soaked in 20 mL of 0.1 M HCl solution and shaken at 100 rpm and room temperature for 24 h. The acid was poured out and the particles were washed with 50 mL of deionized water, 20 mL of 0.01 M NaOH was added and the particles were immersed in NaOH solution for 24 h. The IEC was determined from the alkalinity reduction in NaOH solution by back tetration
using 0.01 M HCl as IEC (meq/g)=Mo,NaOH -