the two worst cases in solar cell operation are high current exposure in the unloaded status during installation or repair and the rush current exposure during lightning. In solar cell specifications, the highest output voltage is at the open circuit condition. The output voltage of a solar cell in the loaded condition is lower than in the open circuit condition and when the panel is flash tested (a technique used to avoid defects in the field). The reverse leakage current of bypass diodes is increased in the condition and will cause diode failures