The effects of strength training and aerobic exercise on executive function in older women with mild cognitive impairments were evaluated in one trial. Individuals in the strength training (n = 28; mean age = 74 years) and aerobic fitness (walking; n = 30; mean age = 76 years) group trained twice weekly for 6 months. The control group (n = 28; mean age = 75 years) was performing balance and stretching exercises. Compared with the control group, strength training resulted in improved performance on the Stroop task and on an associative memory task. The aerobic fitness group did not display any training-related effects. This study highlighted the importance of strength training, which may be at least as beneficial for cognitive performance as aerobic fitness training. Notably, effects were also observed in individuals with lower cognitive performance, which is consistent with results from a study investigating the effects of physical activity on cognition in individuals with mild cognitive impairment using a multicomponent exercise intervention.[17•] Participants in the intervention group (n = 25; mean age = 75 years) performed aerobic exercises, strength training, and postural balance training in twice-weekly 90-min sessions, for a total of 80 times during 12 months. Individuals in a control group (n = 25; mean age = 75 years) attended three education classes during the intervention year. Training-related improvement was observed on the mini-mental state examination, immediate recall, and verbal fluency tasks, but not on delayed recall, psychomotor speed, and the Stroop task.