Given the open-ended nature of the IoT, the massive
connectivity and the huge numbers of potential users and
applications, the possibilities are virtually endless. Thus it is
not surprising to find that the Internet-of-Things technology
has been applied to creating a wide range of applications such
as smart homes, factories, cities and even university campuses
[1]. The UK government and the European Union have
supported and funded a number of such projects [8] including a
European Initiative on Smart Cities [10] which has investigated
issues such as green and renewable low carbon energy, energy
networks using smart grids, smart metering and future transport
systems. There are a numerous cities around the world that are
exploring the smart city concept for example Songdo in South
Korea which has a population of 350,000 inhabitants [7] has
spent $35bn (£23bn) on a project that has explored the use of
the IoT [10] with a particular emphasis on green and
sustainable issues [6].