Low levels of physical activity (PA) and poor physical fitness (PF) have also been documented to induce endothelium dysfunction, impair vascular smooth muscle function, and promote atherosclerosis [17] and [18]. Not surprisingly, cigarette smokers who exhibit poor PA and/or PF are at heightened risk for cardiovascular disease [19]. However, to the best of our knowledge no studies examined whether habitual PA and PF modify the acute vascular complications associated with WP. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to examine: (i) the acute WP-induced changes in vascular function in young otherwise healthy individuals; (ii) whether acute changes in vascular function are modified by lifestyle behaviors (PA/PF). Findings from this study may aid the development of a public health message, in terms of (i) the cardiovascular health consequences of WP; (ii) the possible confounding influence of PA/PF.