In summary, recent technical advances from the arthropod and filarial communities provide a set of approaches for control of parasitic diseases using Wolbachia [12]. Endosymbiotic bacteria were first observed in insects in the 1920s and similar observations were made in filarial nematodes in the 1970s. The bacteria were subsequently identified as Wolbachia (in the 1930s in mosquitoes and in the 1990s for filaria). These phenomena and description of CI in Culex in the 1970s remained for many years as untold tales [20] and [54]. As often occurs in science, the linkage of these apparently disparate observations has opened up an intense area of research activity. Over the next several years, advanced application of molecular, biochemical and cytological techniques will greatly enhance the understanding of the biology and evolution of Wolbachia endosymbionts and more importantly, enable application of that knowledge toward human parasite disease control.