Introduction
Adults and children undergoing surgery may experience perioperative pain, anxiety and distress[1].
Unfortunately it is not always possible to completely prevent postoperative pain with
analgesics. Therefore there is an increasing interest in non-pharmacological interventions,
among which music interventions. [2–4]
Roughly two types of music interventions are distinguished: live music therapy and
recorded music. In live music therapy a trained music therapist plays music and applies various
therapeutic techniques to reach a therapeutic goal. One of these techniques is known as music
entrainment [5], in which the music therapist first uses music to match the patient’s physiological
and emotional states and then gradually changes the music to modify the patient’s state.
Recorded music on the other hand, implies listening to pre-recorded music selected by a music
therapist, or by patients themselves provided they are old enough to do so[3].
Few studies have been performed on the effects of music interventions in children, and
music interventions are not included in guidelines for pediatric surgery and anaesthesiology.
However, music is used in clinical settings around the world [6] and is perceived to be a noninvasive,
inexpensive and useful complementary intervention to reduce pain, anxiety and distress
and to improve relaxation.
Our aim is to examine the effectiveness of music interventions to reduce pain, anxiety and
distress in pediatric patients undergoing minimally invasive or invasive surgery through a systematic
review and meta-analysis of the literature.
IntroductionAdults and children undergoing surgery may experience perioperative pain, anxiety and distress[1].Unfortunately it is not always possible to completely prevent postoperative pain withanalgesics. Therefore there is an increasing interest in non-pharmacological interventions,among which music interventions. [2–4]Roughly two types of music interventions are distinguished: live music therapy andrecorded music. In live music therapy a trained music therapist plays music and applies varioustherapeutic techniques to reach a therapeutic goal. One of these techniques is known as musicentrainment [5], in which the music therapist first uses music to match the patient’s physiologicaland emotional states and then gradually changes the music to modify the patient’s state.Recorded music on the other hand, implies listening to pre-recorded music selected by a musictherapist, or by patients themselves provided they are old enough to do so[3].Few studies have been performed on the effects of music interventions in children, andmusic interventions are not included in guidelines for pediatric surgery and anaesthesiology.However, music is used in clinical settings around the world [6] and is perceived to be a noninvasive,inexpensive and useful complementary intervention to reduce pain, anxiety and distressand to improve relaxation.Our aim is to examine the effectiveness of music interventions to reduce pain, anxiety anddistress in pediatric patients undergoing minimally invasive or invasive surgery through a systematic
review and meta-analysis of the literature.
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