vision, since they provide the shared conceptualizations expressed in logical form that can be
used by software agents to act on behalf of humans in search processes or distributed activities.
In other words, ontologies provide metadata the shared semantics that enable interoperable
intelligent agents. Some previous research has addressed the topic of ontologies as part of
learning systems – a review can be found in (Lytras, Tsilira, & Themistocleous, 2003).