4.1. Environmental temperature
To operate an instrument at low ambient temperature one has two possible options. The obvious one is to use a probe/analyser power supply to provide the energy needed for the heating of the analyser. The other alternative is to use non-aqueous solvents (like alcohols or acetonitrile) that can be used at lower temperatures than the freezing point of water, which is one of the main components of most of the wet chemistry-based analysis.