Eagly and Karau (2002) reviewed research pertaining to the kinds of leader behaviors associated with different hierarchical levels of leadership (e.g., Martell, Parker, Emrich, & Crawford, 1998; Pavett & Lau, 1983). Research has supported the idea that different hierarchical levels require different types of behaviors (e.g., McCauley, 2004; Paolillo, 1981). Lower level managers have reported relying on abilities involving direct supervision of employees’ task involvement, such as monitoring potential problems and managing conflict. Eagly et al. (1995) argued that such
characteristics may be considered masculine in nature, leading to greater perceived congruity for men than women in lower level supervisory positions. However, more recent studies have shown that the characteristics associated with lower level leadership positions may be considered to be gender neutral in nature. Mumford, Campion, and Morgeson (2007) discussed that the majority of skills needed in lower level supervisor roles involve “cognitive” skills including effective communication, active learning, and critical thinking. Given the gender neutrality of these skills, at the
lowest hierarchical levels there may not be a gender advantage for men or women in leadership effectiveness.