Participation and involvement increases the probability that people will be committed to implementing the change and, if their views are taken into account, this may enhance the effectiveness of the change Programme. This method is particularly appropriate when the individuals initiating the change do not have all the necessary information to design a change programme and when the people affected by the change have considerable power to resist it. However, as is the case with education and communication, this approach to dealing with resistance to change can be time consuming particularly if it results in the design of an inappropriate change programme. Education and Communication this is useful when the basic problem is a lack of information about the need for, or the nature of, the planned change. If people can be persuaded about the change they will be more likely to help with its implementation, but this approach can be very time consuming and will not work by itself if there are other reasons than misunderstanding for resisting the change. Facilitation and Support involves the use of techniques such as training, counselling and group discussions designed to reduce fear and anxiety. This is particularly appropriate where the principal reason for resistance is based on insecurity and adjustment problems. Some changes do of course really threaten employee aspirations and job security: in these cases facilitation and support may help but it will not address the fundamental cause of resistance