(lower capital investment) as well the absence of a stage of
neutralization of hydrolysates (lower environmental impact). LHW
and DSA processes performed under optimised conditions lead to
the complete removal of hemicelluloses while cellulose fraction
remains virtually unaltered. Most hemicellulosic sugars can be
found in oligomeric form after LHW pretreatment [7], and the
formation of monosaccharides and furaldehydes (furfural, 5-
hydroxymethylfurfural …) is minimised. On the contrary, dilute
acid hydrolysis not only solubilises hemicelluloses but also converts
solubilised polymers into fermentable sugars in one step.
The susceptibility of pretreated cellulose to enzymatic attack is
affected by lignin. Although LHW pretreatment can provoke
changes in the lignin structure which would make the cellulose
more accessible to enzymes, both LHW and DSA pretreatments
have limited effects on biomass delignification. In the last decades
several organosolv treatments have been assayed using different
solvents (methanol/water, ethanol/water, acetone/water, aceticacid/
water, acetic-acid/formic-acid/water, etc.) for the delignification
of lignocellulosic materials [8e13]. For example, it was found
that pretreatment of pinewood with 60e80% aqueous methanol
solution containing 0.2% HCl for 45 min at 170 C removed
approximately 75% of original lignin, and roughly 90% of pretreated
cellulose was hydrolysed to D-glucose using cellulases [13].
Ethanol-based organosolv fractionation is regarded as one of the
most promising organosolv processes due to the low cost of solvent
and its easy recovery. The addition of mineral acids (sulphuric acid,
hydrochloric acid, etc.) to the ethanol/water mixture could accelerate
xylan degradation and enhance the delignification process
[14].
(lower capital investment) as well the absence of a stage ofneutralization of hydrolysates (lower environmental impact). LHWand DSA processes performed under optimised conditions lead tothe complete removal of hemicelluloses while cellulose fractionremains virtually unaltered. Most hemicellulosic sugars can befound in oligomeric form after LHW pretreatment [7], and theformation of monosaccharides and furaldehydes (furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural …) is minimised. On the contrary, diluteacid hydrolysis not only solubilises hemicelluloses but also convertssolubilised polymers into fermentable sugars in one step.The susceptibility of pretreated cellulose to enzymatic attack isaffected by lignin. Although LHW pretreatment can provokechanges in the lignin structure which would make the cellulosemore accessible to enzymes, both LHW and DSA pretreatmentshave limited effects on biomass delignification. In the last decadesseveral organosolv treatments have been assayed using differentsolvents (methanol/water, ethanol/water, acetone/water, aceticacid/water, acetic-acid/formic-acid/water, etc.) for the delignificationof lignocellulosic materials [8e13]. For example, it was foundthat pretreatment of pinewood with 60e80% aqueous methanolsolution containing 0.2% HCl for 45 min at 170 C removedapproximately 75% of original lignin, and roughly 90% of pretreatedcellulose was hydrolysed to D-glucose using cellulases [13].Ethanol-based organosolv fractionation is regarded as one of themost promising organosolv processes due to the low cost of solventand its easy recovery. The addition of mineral acids (sulphuric acid,hydrochloric acid, etc.) to the ethanol/water mixture could acceleratexylan degradation and enhance the delignification process[14].
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