Heart rate was significantly elevated in the upright (88 ± 4) compared with supine (61 ± 3) and seated (65 ± 3 beats/min) postures (Fig. 1A). However, arm MAP was not significantly different between the supine (80 ± 2), seated (87 ± 4), and upright (85 ± 3 mmHg) postures (Fig. 1B).