Erythrocytic malaria parasites degrade hemoglobin in an acidic
food vacuole to acquire free amino acids and maintain parasite
homeostasis. Hemoglobin hydrolysis appears to be a cooperative
process requiring cysteine proteases (falcipains) and aspartic proteases
(plasmepsins), but the specific roles of different enzymes in
this process are unknown. We previously showed that falcipain-2
is a major trophozoite food vacuole cysteine protease. To characterize
the specific role of falcipain-2, we disrupted the falcipain-2
gene and assessed the effect of this alteration. Falcipain-2-knockout
trophozoites had markedly diminished cysteine protease activity
and swollen, dark staining food vacuoles, consistent with a
block in hemoglobin hydrolysis, as caused by cysteine protease
inhibitors. However, more mature stages of knockout parasites
were indistinguishable from wild-type parasites and developed
normally. The knockout parasites had decreased and delayed
expression of falcipain-2, which appeared to be directed by increased
transcription of a second copy of the gene (falcipain-2).
Expression of other falcipains and plasmepsins was similar in
wild-type and knockout parasites. Compared with wild-type,
knockout parasites were about 3 times more sensitive to the
cysteine protease inhibitors E-64 and leupeptin, and over 50-fold
more sensitive to the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin. Our
results assign a specific function for falcipain-2, the hydrolysis of
hemoglobin in trophozoites. In addition, they highlight the cooperative
action of cysteine and aspartic proteases in hemoglobin
degradation by malaria parasites.Erythrocytic malaria parasites degrade hemoglobin in an acidic
food vacuole to acquire free amino acids and maintain parasite
homeostasis. Hemoglobin hydrolysis appears to be a cooperative
process requiring cysteine proteases (falcipains) and aspartic proteases
(plasmepsins), but the specific roles of different enzymes in
this process are unknown. We previously showed that falcipain-2
is a major trophozoite food vacuole cysteine protease. To characterize
the specific role of falcipain-2, we disrupted the falcipain-2
gene and assessed the effect of this alteration. Falcipain-2-knockout
trophozoites had markedly diminished cysteine protease activity
and swollen, dark staining food vacuoles, consistent with a
block in hemoglobin hydrolysis, as caused by cysteine protease
inhibitors. However, more mature stages of knockout parasites
were indistinguishable from wild-type parasites and developed
normally. The knockout parasites had decreased and delayed
expression of falcipain-2, which appeared to be directed by increased
transcription of a second copy of the gene (falcipain-2).
Expression of other falcipains and plasmepsins was similar in
wild-type and knockout parasites. Compared with wild-type,
knockout parasites were about 3 times more sensitive to the
cysteine protease inhibitors E-64 and leupeptin, and over 50-fold
more sensitive to the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin. Our
results assign a specific function for falcipain-2, the hydrolysis of
hemoglobin in trophozoites. In addition, they highlight the cooperative
action of cysteine and aspartic proteases in hemoglobin
degradation by malaria parasites.Erythrocytic malaria parasites degrade hemoglobin in an acidic
food vacuole to acquire free amino acids and maintain parasite
homeostasis. Hemoglobin hydrolysis appears to be a cooperative
process requiring cysteine proteases (falcipains) and aspartic proteases
(plasmepsins), but the specific roles of different enzymes in
this process are unknown. We previously showed that falcipain-2
is a major trophozoite food vacuole cysteine protease. To characterize
the specific role of falcipain-2, we disrupted the falcipain-2
gene and assessed the effect of this alteration. Falcipain-2-knockout
trophozoites had markedly diminished cysteine protease activity
and swollen, dark staining food vacuoles, consistent with a
block in hemoglobin hydrolysis, as caused by cysteine protease
inhibitors. However, more mature stages of knockout parasites
were indistinguishable from wild-type parasites and developed
normally. The knockout parasites had decreased and delayed
expression of falcipain-2, which appeared to be directed by increased
transcription of a second copy of the gene (falcipain-2).
Expression of other falcipains and plasmepsins was similar in
wild-type and knockout parasites. Compared with wild-type,
knockout parasites were about 3 times more sensitive to the
cysteine protease inhibitors E-64 and leupeptin, and over 50-fold
more sensitive to the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin. Our
results assign a specific function for falcipain-2, the hydrolysis of
hemoglobin in trophozoites. In addition, they highlight the cooperative
action of cysteine and aspartic proteases in hemoglobin
degradation by malaria parasites.Erythrocytic malaria parasites degrade hemoglobin in an acidic
food vacuole to acquire free amino acids and maintain parasite
homeostasis. Hemoglobin hydrolysis appears to be a cooperative
process requiring cysteine proteases (falcipains) and aspartic proteases
(plasmepsins), but the specific roles of different enzymes in
this process are unknown. We previously showed that falcipain-2
is a major trophozoite food vacuole cysteine protease. To characterize
the specific role of falcipain-2, we disrupted the falcipain-2
gene and assessed the effect of this alteration. Falcipain-2-knockout
trophozoites had markedly diminished cysteine protease activity
and swollen, dark staining food vacuoles, consistent with a
block in hemoglobin hydrolysis, as caused by cysteine protease
inhibitors. However, more mature stages of knockout parasites
were indistinguishable from wild-type parasites and developed
normally. The knockout parasites had decreased and delayed
expression of falcipain-2, which appeared to be directed by increased
transcription of a second copy of the gene (falcipain-2).
Expression of other falcipains and plasmepsins was similar in
wild-type and knockout parasites. Compared with wild-type,
knockout parasites were about 3 times more sensitive to the
cysteine protease inhibitors E-64 and leupeptin, and over 50-fold
more sensitive to the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin. Our
results assign a specific function for falcipain-2, the hydrolysis of
hemoglobin in trophozoites. In addition, they highlight the cooperative
action of cysteine and aspartic proteases in hemoglobin
degradation by malaria parasites.Erythrocytic malaria parasites degrade hemoglobin in an acidic
food vacuole to acquire free amino acids and maintain parasite
homeostasis. Hemoglobin hydrolysis appears to be a cooperative
process requiring cysteine proteases (falcipains) and aspartic proteases
(plasmepsins), but the specific roles of different enzymes in
this process are unknown. We previously showed that falcipain-2
is a major trophozoite food vacuole cysteine protease. To characterize
the specific role of falcipain-2, we disrupted the falcipain-2
gene and assessed the effect of this alteration. Falcipain-2-knockout
trophozoites had markedly diminished cysteine protease activity
and swollen, dark staining food vacuoles, consistent with a
block in hemoglobin hydrolysis, as caused by cysteine protease
inhibitors. However, more mature stages of knockout parasites
were indistinguishable from wild-type parasites and developed
normally. The knockout parasites had decreased and delayed
expression of falcipain-2, which appeared to be directed by increased
transcription of a second copy of the gene (falcipain-2).
Expression of other falcipains and plasmepsins was similar in
wild-type and knockout parasites. Compared with wild-type,
knockout parasites were about 3 times more sensitive to the
cysteine protease inhibitors E-64 and leupeptin, and over 50-fold
more sensitive to the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin. Our
results assign a specific function for falcipain-2, the hydrolysis of
hemoglobin in trophozoites. In addition, they highlight the cooperative
action of cysteine and aspartic proteases in hemoglobin
degradation by malaria parasites.
ปรสิตมาลาเรีย erythrocytic ย่อยสลายฮีโมโกลบินในความเปรี้ยวแวคิวโอลอาหารการได้รับกรดอะมิโนอิสระ และรักษาปรสิตภาวะธำรงดุล ไฮโตรไลซ์ฮีโมโกลบินปรากฏขึ้นเพื่อ ให้สหกรณ์การกระบวนการที่ต้อง proteases cysteine (falcipains) และ aspartic proteases(plasmepsins), แต่บทบาทเฉพาะของเอนไซม์ต่าง ๆ ในกระบวนการนี้จะไม่รู้จัก เราก่อนหน้านี้พบว่า falcipain-2สำคัญ trophozoite แวคิวโอลอาหาร cysteine รติเอสได้ การกำหนดลักษณะบทบาทเฉพาะของ falcipain-2 เราระหว่างสองวัน falcipain-2ยีน และประเมินผลของการแก้ไขนี้ Falcipain-2-น่าพิศวงtrophozoites ได้ลดลงอย่างเด่นชัด cysteine รติเอสกิจกรรมและบวม สีดำย้อมสีอาหาร vacuoles สอดคล้องกับการบล็อกในไฮโตรไลซ์ฮีโมโกลบิน สาเหตุรติเอส cysteineinhibitors อย่างไรก็ตาม ผู้ใหญ่ขั้นกับน่าพิศวงมากจำแนกไม่ได้จากปรสิตชนิดป่า และการพัฒนาโดยปกติ ปรสิตน่าพิศวงได้ลดลง และล่าช้าการเพิ่มขึ้นของ falcipain-2 ที่ปรากฏการนำโดยtranscription ของสำเนาที่สองของยีน (falcipain-2)ของ falcipains และ plasmepsins อื่น ๆ คล้ายคลึงกันในปรสิต ชนิดป่า และน่าพิศวง เมื่อเทียบกับป่าชนิดชนะน็อกโดยเทคนิคปรสิตสำคัญประมาณ 3 ครั้งขึ้นไปcysteine inhibitors รติเอส E-64 และ leupeptin และ 50-fold กว่ามีความไวต่อการ aspartic รติเอสเตอร์ pepstatin ของเราผลลัพธ์กำหนดฟังก์ชันเฉพาะสำหรับ falcipain-2 ไฮโตรไลซ์ของฮีโมโกลบินใน trophozoites นอกจากนี้ พวกเขาเน้นที่สหกรณ์การดำเนินการของ cysteine และ aspartic proteases ในฮีโมโกลบินย่อยสลาย โดยปรสิตมาลาเรีย ปรสิตมาลาเรีย erythrocytic ย่อยสลายฮีโมโกลบินในความเปรี้ยวแวคิวโอลอาหารการได้รับกรดอะมิโนอิสระ และรักษาปรสิตภาวะธำรงดุล ไฮโตรไลซ์ฮีโมโกลบินปรากฏขึ้นเพื่อ ให้สหกรณ์การกระบวนการที่ต้อง proteases cysteine (falcipains) และ aspartic proteases(plasmepsins), แต่บทบาทเฉพาะของเอนไซม์ต่าง ๆ ในกระบวนการนี้จะไม่รู้จัก เราก่อนหน้านี้พบว่า falcipain-2สำคัญ trophozoite แวคิวโอลอาหาร cysteine รติเอสได้ การกำหนดลักษณะบทบาทเฉพาะของ falcipain-2 เราระหว่างสองวัน falcipain-2ยีน และประเมินผลของการแก้ไขนี้ Falcipain-2-น่าพิศวงtrophozoites ได้ลดลงอย่างเด่นชัด cysteine รติเอสกิจกรรมและบวม สีดำย้อมสีอาหาร vacuoles สอดคล้องกับการบล็อกในไฮโตรไลซ์ฮีโมโกลบิน สาเหตุรติเอส cysteineinhibitors อย่างไรก็ตาม ผู้ใหญ่ขั้นกับน่าพิศวงมากจำแนกไม่ได้จากปรสิตชนิดป่า และการพัฒนาโดยปกติ ปรสิตน่าพิศวงได้ลดลง และล่าช้าการเพิ่มขึ้นของ falcipain-2 ที่ปรากฏการนำโดยtranscription ของสำเนาที่สองของยีน (falcipain-2)ของ falcipains และ plasmepsins อื่น ๆ คล้ายคลึงกันในปรสิต ชนิดป่า และน่าพิศวง เมื่อเทียบกับป่าชนิดชนะน็อกโดยเทคนิคปรสิตสำคัญประมาณ 3 ครั้งขึ้นไปcysteine inhibitors รติเอส E-64 และ leupeptin และ 50-fold กว่ามีความไวต่อการ aspartic รติเอสเตอร์ pepstatin ของเราผลลัพธ์กำหนดฟังก์ชันเฉพาะสำหรับ falcipain-2 ไฮโตรไลซ์ของฮีโมโกลบินใน trophozoites นอกจากนี้ พวกเขาเน้นที่สหกรณ์การดำเนินการของ cysteine และ aspartic proteases ในฮีโมโกลบินย่อยสลาย โดยปรสิตมาลาเรีย ปรสิตมาลาเรีย erythrocytic ย่อยสลายฮีโมโกลบินในความเปรี้ยวแวคิวโอลอาหารการได้รับกรดอะมิโนอิสระ และรักษาปรสิตภาวะธำรงดุล ไฮโตรไลซ์ฮีโมโกลบินปรากฏขึ้นเพื่อ ให้สหกรณ์การกระบวนการที่ต้อง proteases cysteine (falcipains) และ aspartic proteases(plasmepsins), แต่บทบาทเฉพาะของเอนไซม์ต่าง ๆ ในกระบวนการนี้จะไม่รู้จัก เราก่อนหน้านี้พบว่า falcipain-2สำคัญ trophozoite แวคิวโอลอาหาร cysteine รติเอสได้ การกำหนดลักษณะบทบาทเฉพาะของ falcipain-2 เราระหว่างสองวัน falcipain-2ยีน และประเมินผลของการแก้ไขนี้ Falcipain-2-น่าพิศวงtrophozoites ได้ลดลงอย่างเด่นชัด cysteine รติเอสกิจกรรมและบวม สีดำย้อมสีอาหาร vacuoles สอดคล้องกับการบล็อกในไฮโตรไลซ์ฮีโมโกลบิน สาเหตุรติเอส cysteineinhibitors อย่างไรก็ตาม ผู้ใหญ่ขั้นกับน่าพิศวงมากจำแนกไม่ได้จากปรสิตชนิดป่า และการพัฒนาโดยปกติ ปรสิตน่าพิศวงได้ลดลง และล่าช้าการเพิ่มขึ้นของ falcipain-2 ที่ปรากฏการนำโดยtranscription ของสำเนาที่สองของยีน (falcipain-2)Expression of other falcipains and plasmepsins was similar inwild-type and knockout parasites. Compared with wild-type,knockout parasites were about 3 times more sensitive to thecysteine protease inhibitors E-64 and leupeptin, and over 50-foldmore sensitive to the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin. Ourresults assign a specific function for falcipain-2, the hydrolysis ofhemoglobin in trophozoites. In addition, they highlight the cooperativeaction of cysteine and aspartic proteases in hemoglobindegradation by malaria parasites.Erythrocytic malaria parasites degrade hemoglobin in an acidicfood vacuole to acquire free amino acids and maintain parasitehomeostasis. Hemoglobin hydrolysis appears to be a cooperativeprocess requiring cysteine proteases (falcipains) and aspartic proteases(plasmepsins), but the specific roles of different enzymes inthis process are unknown. We previously showed that falcipain-2is a major trophozoite food vacuole cysteine protease. To characterizethe specific role of falcipain-2, we disrupted the falcipain-2gene and assessed the effect of this alteration. Falcipain-2-knockouttrophozoites had markedly diminished cysteine protease activityand swollen, dark staining food vacuoles, consistent with ablock in hemoglobin hydrolysis, as caused by cysteine proteaseinhibitors. However, more mature stages of knockout parasiteswere indistinguishable from wild-type parasites and developednormally. The knockout parasites had decreased and delayedexpression of falcipain-2, which appeared to be directed by increasedtranscription of a second copy of the gene (falcipain-2).Expression of other falcipains and plasmepsins was similar inwild-type and knockout parasites. Compared with wild-type,knockout parasites were about 3 times more sensitive to thecysteine protease inhibitors E-64 and leupeptin, and over 50-foldmore sensitive to the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin. Ourresults assign a specific function for falcipain-2, the hydrolysis ofhemoglobin in trophozoites. In addition, they highlight the cooperativeaction of cysteine and aspartic proteases in hemoglobindegradation by malaria parasites.Erythrocytic malaria parasites degrade hemoglobin in an acidicfood vacuole to acquire free amino acids and maintain parasitehomeostasis. Hemoglobin hydrolysis appears to be a cooperativeprocess requiring cysteine proteases (falcipains) and aspartic proteases(plasmepsins), but the specific roles of different enzymes inthis process are unknown. We previously showed that falcipain-2is a major trophozoite food vacuole cysteine protease. To characterizethe specific role of falcipain-2, we disrupted the falcipain-2gene and assessed the effect of this alteration. Falcipain-2-knockouttrophozoites had markedly diminished cysteine protease activityand swollen, dark staining food vacuoles, consistent with ablock in hemoglobin hydrolysis, as caused by cysteine proteaseinhibitors. However, more mature stages of knockout parasiteswere indistinguishable from wild-type parasites and developednormally. The knockout parasites had decreased and delayedexpression of falcipain-2, which appeared to be directed by increasedtranscription of a second copy of the gene (falcipain-2).Expression of other falcipains and plasmepsins was similar inwild-type and knockout parasites. Compared with wild-type,knockout parasites were about 3 times more sensitive to thecysteine protease inhibitors E-64 and leupeptin, and over 50-foldmore sensitive to the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin. Ourresults assign a specific function for falcipain-2, the hydrolysis ofhemoglobin in trophozoites. In addition, they highlight the cooperativeaction of cysteine and aspartic proteases in hemoglobindegradation by malaria parasites.
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ปรสิตมาลาเรีย Erythrocytic malaria parasites degrade hemoglobin in an acidic
vacuole food vacuole to acquire free amino acids and maintain parasite
อาหารที่จะได้รับกรดอะมิโนอิสระและรักษาพยาธิสภาวะสมดุล homeostasis. Hemoglobin hydrolysis appears to be a cooperative
process requiring cysteine proteases (falcipains) and aspartic proteases
(plasmepsins), but the specific roles of different enzymes in
this process are unknown. We previously showed that falcipain-2
is a major trophozoite food vacuole cysteine protease. To characterize
the specific role of falcipain-2, we disrupted the falcipain-2
gene and assessed the effect of this alteration. Falcipain-2-knockout
trophozoites had markedly diminished cysteine protease activity
and swollen, dark staining food vacuoles, consistent with a
block in hemoglobin hydrolysis, as caused by cysteine protease
inhibitors. However, more mature stages of knockout parasites
were indistinguishable from wild-type parasites and developed
normally. The knockout parasites had decreased and delayed
expression of falcipain-2, which appeared to be directed by increased
transcription of a second copy of the gene (falcipain-2).
Expression of other falcipains and plasmepsins was similar in
wild-type and knockout parasites. Compared with wild-type,
knockout parasites were about 3 times more sensitive to the
cysteine protease inhibitors E-64 and leupeptin, and over 50-fold
more sensitive to the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin. Our
results assign a specific function for falcipain-2, the hydrolysis of
hemoglobin in trophozoites. In addition, they highlight the cooperative
action of cysteine and aspartic proteases in hemoglobin
degradation by malaria parasites.Erythrocytic malaria parasites degrade hemoglobin in an acidic
food vacuole to acquire free amino acids and maintain parasite
homeostasis. Hemoglobin hydrolysis appears to be a cooperative
process requiring cysteine proteases (falcipains) and aspartic proteases
(plasmepsins), but the specific roles of different enzymes in
this process are unknown. We previously showed that falcipain-2
is a major trophozoite food vacuole cysteine protease. To characterize
the specific role of falcipain-2, we disrupted the falcipain-2
gene and assessed the effect of this alteration. Falcipain-2-knockout
trophozoites had markedly diminished cysteine protease activity
and swollen, dark staining food vacuoles, consistent with a
block in hemoglobin hydrolysis, as caused by cysteine protease
inhibitors. However, more mature stages of knockout parasites
were indistinguishable from wild-type parasites and developed
normally. The knockout parasites had decreased and delayed
expression of falcipain-2, which appeared to be directed by increased
transcription of a second copy of the gene (falcipain-2).
Expression of other falcipains and plasmepsins was similar in
wild-type and knockout parasites. Compared with wild-type,
knockout parasites were about 3 times more sensitive to the
cysteine protease inhibitors E-64 and leupeptin, and over 50-fold
more sensitive to the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin. Our
results assign a specific function for falcipain-2, the hydrolysis of
hemoglobin in trophozoites. In addition, they highlight the cooperative
action of cysteine and aspartic proteases in hemoglobin
degradation by malaria parasites.Erythrocytic malaria parasites degrade hemoglobin in an acidic
food vacuole to acquire free amino acids and maintain parasite
homeostasis. Hemoglobin hydrolysis appears to be a cooperative
process requiring cysteine proteases (falcipains) and aspartic proteases
(plasmepsins), but the specific roles of different enzymes in
this process are unknown. We previously showed that falcipain-2
is a major trophozoite food vacuole cysteine protease. To characterize
the specific role of falcipain-2, we disrupted the falcipain-2
gene and assessed the effect of this alteration. Falcipain-2-knockout
trophozoites had markedly diminished cysteine protease activity
and swollen, dark staining food vacuoles, consistent with a
block in hemoglobin hydrolysis, as caused by cysteine protease
inhibitors. However, more mature stages of knockout parasites
were indistinguishable from wild-type parasites and developed
normally. The knockout parasites had decreased and delayed
expression of falcipain-2, which appeared to be directed by increased
transcription of a second copy of the gene (falcipain-2).
Expression of other falcipains and plasmepsins was similar in
wild-type and knockout parasites. Compared with wild-type,
knockout parasites were about 3 times more sensitive to the
cysteine protease inhibitors E-64 and leupeptin, and over 50-fold
more sensitive to the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin. Our
results assign a specific function for falcipain-2, the hydrolysis of
hemoglobin in trophozoites. In addition, they highlight the cooperative
action of cysteine and aspartic proteases in hemoglobin
degradation by malaria parasites.Erythrocytic malaria parasites degrade hemoglobin in an acidic
food vacuole to acquire free amino acids and maintain parasite
homeostasis. Hemoglobin hydrolysis appears to be a cooperative
process requiring cysteine proteases (falcipains) and aspartic proteases
(plasmepsins), but the specific roles of different enzymes in
this process are unknown. We previously showed that falcipain-2
is a major trophozoite food vacuole cysteine protease. To characterize
the specific role of falcipain-2, we disrupted the falcipain-2
gene and assessed the effect of this alteration. Falcipain-2-knockout
trophozoites had markedly diminished cysteine protease activity
and swollen, dark staining food vacuoles, consistent with a
block in hemoglobin hydrolysis, as caused by cysteine protease
inhibitors. However, more mature stages of knockout parasites
were indistinguishable from wild-type parasites and developed
normally. The knockout parasites had decreased and delayed
expression of falcipain-2, which appeared to be directed by increased
transcription of a second copy of the gene (falcipain-2).
Expression of other falcipains and plasmepsins was similar in
wild-type and knockout parasites. Compared with wild-type,
knockout parasites were about 3 times more sensitive to the
cysteine protease inhibitors E-64 and leupeptin, and over 50-fold
more sensitive to the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin. Our
results assign a specific function for falcipain-2, the hydrolysis of
hemoglobin in trophozoites. In addition, they highlight the cooperative
action of cysteine and aspartic proteases in hemoglobin
degradation by malaria parasites.Erythrocytic malaria parasites degrade hemoglobin in an acidic
food vacuole to acquire free amino acids and maintain parasite
homeostasis. Hemoglobin hydrolysis appears to be a cooperative
process requiring cysteine proteases (falcipains) and aspartic proteases
(plasmepsins), but the specific roles of different enzymes in
this process are unknown. We previously showed that falcipain-2
is a major trophozoite food vacuole cysteine protease. To characterize
the specific role of falcipain-2, we disrupted the falcipain-2
gene and assessed the effect of this alteration. Falcipain-2-knockout
trophozoites had markedly diminished cysteine protease activity
and swollen, dark staining food vacuoles, consistent with a
block in hemoglobin hydrolysis, as caused by cysteine protease
inhibitors. However, more mature stages of knockout parasites
were indistinguishable from wild-type parasites and developed
normally. The knockout parasites had decreased and delayed
expression of falcipain-2, which appeared to be directed by increased
transcription of a second copy of the gene (falcipain-2).
Expression of other falcipains and plasmepsins was similar in
wild-type and knockout parasites. Compared with wild-type,
knockout parasites were about 3 times more sensitive to the
cysteine protease inhibitors E-64 and leupeptin, and over 50-fold
more sensitive to the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin. Our
results assign a specific function for falcipain-2, the hydrolysis of
hemoglobin in trophozoites. In addition, they highlight the cooperative
action of cysteine and aspartic proteases in hemoglobin
degradation by malaria parasites.
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