Two great lessons may be drawn from the history of the twentieth century. First, market society, sustained by a concern for individual freedom, generated huge inequalities; then submission of the economy to political will on the pretext of equality led to the suppression of freedom. These two solutions jeopardised democracy itself; this was obviously the case of totalitarian systems, but systems subordinating political power to that of money produced similar results. If we reject both of these options, it is then a question of developing
institutions capable of guaranteeing a plural economy within a democratic framework - exactly what is compromised when the rationale of material gain without limit has a monopoly. To face this challenge, we must seek out new institutional forms anchored in social practice; these will point the way towards the reinsertion of democratic norms in economic life. Any return to the old compromises is doomed to failure; and any reflection on how to reconcile freedom and equality, which remains the nodal point of democracy in a complex society, can only make progress by taking into account the reactions of people in society. This is one further point of agreement between Mauss and Polanyi; we must rely on practical experience for information and analysis - in other words, start from "real economic movement", not from a programme of social reform given a veneer of realism. This is a conception of social change as self-expression, of change which "is by no means committed to revolutionary or radical alternatives, to brutal choices between two contradictory forms of society" but which "is and will be made by a process of building new groups and institutions alongside and below the old ones" (Mauss 1997: 265).
Mauss and Polanyi, in outlining the theoretical foundations of a plural approach to the economy, have begun a reflection on social change that cannot be satisfied with ritual calls to turn the system upside down. In other words, rather than making an abstract appeal for an alternative economy, they have shown us a concrete road to "other economies", based on the field of possibilities already open to us.
Two great lessons may be drawn from the history of the twentieth century. First, market society, sustained by a concern for individual freedom, generated huge inequalities; then submission of the economy to political will on the pretext of equality led to the suppression of freedom. These two solutions jeopardised democracy itself; this was obviously the case of totalitarian systems,แต่ระบบภาค subordinating อำนาจทางการเมือง เพื่อที่เงินของผลิตผลที่คล้ายกัน ถ้าเราปฏิเสธทั้งสองตัวเลือกเหล่านี้ มันก็เป็นคำถามของการพัฒนา
สถาบันสามารถรับประกันการเศรษฐกิจพหูพจน์ภายในกรอบ - ประชาธิปไตย สิ่งที่ถูกละเมิดเมื่อวัตถุประสงค์ของการรับวัตถุดิบโดยไม่ จำกัด มีการผูกขาด เพื่อเผชิญความท้าทายนี้ we must seek out new institutional forms anchored in social practice; these will point the way towards the reinsertion of democratic norms in economic life. Any return to the old compromises is doomed to failure; and any reflection on how to reconcile freedom and equality, which remains the nodal point of democracy in a complex society,สามารถทำให้ความคืบหน้าโดยคำนึงถึงปฏิกิริยาของผู้คนในสังคม นี่เป็นจุดหนึ่งที่เพิ่มเติมของข้อตกลงระหว่าง mauss Polanyi และ ; เราต้องพึ่งพาประสบการณ์สำหรับข้อมูลและการวิเคราะห์ - ในคำอื่น ๆเริ่มต้นจากการเคลื่อนไหว " " เศรษฐกิจที่แท้จริง ไม่ใช่จากโครงการปฏิรูปสังคมให้บางของสัจนิยม นี่คือความคิดของการเปลี่ยนแปลงทางสังคม เช่น การแสดงออก of change which "is by no means committed to revolutionary or radical alternatives, to brutal choices between two contradictory forms of society" but which "is and will be made by a process of building new groups and institutions alongside and below the old ones" (Mauss 1997: 265).
Mauss and Polanyi, in outlining the theoretical foundations of a plural approach to the economy, have begun a reflection on social change that cannot be satisfied with ritual calls to turn the system upside down. In other words, rather than making an abstract appeal for an alternative economy, they have shown us a concrete road to "other economies", based on the field of possibilities already open to us.
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