IV. Model Specification
IV.1 The Data
The data for this study was collected through a mail survey of ASEAN MNEs’ chief executive officers and directors. An extensive questionnaire of eighteen pages, with variables measured on a five-point Likert scale, differentiated for
headquarter and subsidiary answers, was used. The sixty-two multi-item questions include information on the nature of the company (in terms of size, industries, profitability, etc.) and on issues that relate to the international structure, management practices, FDI, and a host of other factors bearing on the issues researched. High face and construct validity (Campbell and Fiske 1959; Cronbach and Meehl 1955) can be attributed to the responses and results