Energy conservation as well as CO2 and other greenhouse gas reduction present long-term challenges to our society,and the problems are exacerbated by the rapid consumption of materials and energy and signifi cant emissions of greenhouse gas and toxic gases. By2050 the world’s oil production will behalf of what it is today. Capping CO2 in the atmosphere at 450 ppmv will require its sequestration. Metallurgical industries and transportation systems are the main energy users and the main