The advent of political science as a university discipline was marked by the creation of university department and chairs with the title of political science arising in the late 19th century. In fact the designation "political scientist" is typically for those with a doctorate in the field. Integrating political studies of the past into a unified discipline is ongoing, and the history of political science has provided a rich field for the growth of both normative and positive political science, with each part of the discipline sharing some historical predecessors. The American Political Science Association was founded in 1903 and American Political Science Review was founded in 1906 in an effort to distinguish the study of politics from economics and other social phenomena.