2. Materials and methods
2.1. Fish source
2.1.1. Broodstock
A. clarkii individuals were captured from the tropical Sanya
waters, Hainan Province, in August 2007, and reared in pairs (one
female and one male) in captivity locally until spawning was
observed using natural seawater (25–27 C, 33–35‰ and pH
8.0–8.2) after pass through a sandy filter.