Arrangement
The dry cells are connected facing the same way.
All the components are connected end to end in one path to the source of the electrical energy.
Current
The current that flows at every point in the circuit is the same.
Voltage
The voltage across the circuit is equal to the sum of the voltage across each bulb
Series circuit
State two examples of sources of electrical energy
Resistance
e effective resistance of the circuit is equal to the sum of the resistance of the bulbs in the circuit
Advantage
All components are controlled by the same switch.
Disadvantage
If a component is spoilt or removed, the other components do not work.
Parallel circuit
The dry cells are connected facing the same way.
All the components are connected side by side
following two or more paths to the source of the electrical energy
The current from the dry cells is shared between each component.
The voltage across each component is the same and equals the voltage of the dry cells.
The effective resistance is as shown below
Each component can be switched on and off separately.
Overloading can happen if many components are used at the same time.
Power, electrical usage and time
Power - The rate energy consumption
The unit of power - Watt (W)
Power (W) = Voltage (V) x current (A)
Electrical energy - A from of energy
The unit of electrical energy - joule (J) and kilowatt-hours (kWh)
Cost of electrical energy used = total unit used (kWh) x tariff rate
Safety features at home
Use stabilizers with certain appliances
Use circuit breakers, fuses, double insulation and Earth wire.
Fit lighting conductors on the roof of tall buildings