The experimental scale-RAS used in the current experiment was
equipped with three tanks (the volume of each tank was 1 m3
, and
the working volume in the current experiment was 0.3 m3 of water),
one sand filter, and three biological filters (Fig. 1). The water in the
RAS was renewed 9.6 times per day because of a moderate flow-
through rate of approximately 101 min−1
. In the application of BFT,
only three tanks were used and the water treatment units were closed.
The working volume in each BFT tank was 0.3 m3
.