2.4. Bacterial preparation
The MRSA, ESBL-producing bacteria and CRE were
taken from isolated specimens which exhibited resistance to
some antibiotics in hospitalized patients. They were taken
based on ethical clearance approval from the ethical committee
in the hospital. The bacteria were cultured over night
(18–24 h) at 37 C on nutrient broth for the preparation of cell
suspensions. The bacteria cell suspensions were homogenized
and adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standards (5 × 105 CFU/mL)
using spectrophotometry.