In the Japanese Rivaroxaban Once Daily Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared with Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (J-ROCKET-AF) trial, rivaroxaban (15 mg o.d.) was found to be as effective as warfarin for stroke prevention, with no difference in the incidence of major haemorrhage [101]. Analysis of the major NOAC trials showed that haemorrhagic and thrombotic complications are more common in Asian patients receiving VKA therapy than in their Caucasian counterparts. In the RE-LY trial, a composite negative clinical outcome (including stroke, systemic embolism, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, major bleeding and death) occurred in 9.65% of Asians compared with 7.61% of non-Asians