Nanobubbles (,200 nm in diameter) have several unique properties such as long lifetime in liquid owing to its negatively
charged surface, and its high gas solubility into the liquid owing to its high internal pressure. They are used in variety of
fields including diagnostic aids and drug delivery, while there are no reports assessing their effects on the growth of lives.
Nanobubbles of air or oxygen gas were generated using a nanobubble aerator (BUVITAS; Ligaric Company Limited, Osaka,
Japan). Brassica campestris were cultured hydroponically for 4 weeks within air-nanobubble water or within normal water.