Substantial reductions in marine mammals, sharks, and piscivorous fishes have led to mesopredator
and invertebrate predator increases. Conversely, abundant oceanic predators have suppressed
prey abundances. Predation has also inhibited recovery of depleted species, sometimes through
predator–prey role reversals. Trophic cascades have been initiated by oceanic predators linking to
neritic food webs, but seem inconsistent in the pelagic realm with effects often attenuating at plankton.