Emerging in the late 1960s through the early 1970s and increasing in intensity, accountability-movement pressures began to dominate evaluation and assessment. After A Nation at Risk was published, the 1980s brought more rigorous requirements so as to improve students' test scores and performances at college (National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983; Schubert, 1986). The report sounded the call for accountability in education and exposed the failures of the U.S. educational system.