Using geochemical simulation models, Lambrakis and Kallergis (2001) studied the multicomponent ion exchange process and freshening time under natural recharge conditions (in this case, Ca,Mg-HCO3 water).They detected an exchange process involving Ca,MgNa in which the Ca,Mg-HCO3 water is converted into water dominated by Na-HCO3. They concluded that partial restoration can be achieved, resulting in water similar to the recharge water, but that complete restoration of
the aquifer is practically impossible due to the long time period required. Indeed, it is uncommon for an aquifer to reach the final phase of intrusion or recovery; more commonly, there is an alternation of incomplete periods of both processes.