Appeal to force: is committed when one appeals to fore or thereat of to cause acceptance of a conclusion.
Appeal to pity: this argument is committed when pity is appealed of the sake of getting conclusion accepted. it involves a sense of pity in acceptance of conclusion.
Appeal to ignorance: it is committed when it is argued that statement is true by not proving that is false. According to the author, they mention that when we make an assertion, we usually must assume the responsibility of defending it, if this responsibility is altered to the other side, the fallacy of ignorance is committed.