The generally troublesome experience of using PL reviewed in
Section 4 means that, for internal combustion engine applications,
PL needs up-grading if it is to be used to substitute fossil diesel
without any major modifications to the engine. Low solids
content, good homogeneity and stability and reasonably high
flash point are some of the important desired properties. Water is
the main component of PL and it is difficult to remove; water is
usually miscible with the oligomeric lignin-derived components
due to the solubilising effect of other polar hydrophilic compounds
(low molecular wt acids, alcohols, hydroxyaldehydes and
ketones) [102]. There are mainly two approaches to improve
the quality of the PL, these are (i) by changing/controlling the
operating parameters during the pyrolysis process including
selection of the feedstock and addition of equipments and
(ii) by modifying the physical and chemical properties of the PL
after the pyrolysis process. We will now review the second approach.
6.1. Modifications/up-gradation techniques and up-graded
properties of PL
Pyrolysis liquid up-gradation techniques discussed in the literature
are concentration, hydrodeoxygenation, catalytic cracking,
emulsification, esterification (blending/addition of chemicals such
as alcohols), and steam reforming. These are discussed below:
The generally troublesome experience of using PL reviewed in
Section 4 means that, for internal combustion engine applications,
PL needs up-grading if it is to be used to substitute fossil diesel
without any major modifications to the engine. Low solids
content, good homogeneity and stability and reasonably high
flash point are some of the important desired properties. Water is
the main component of PL and it is difficult to remove; water is
usually miscible with the oligomeric lignin-derived components
due to the solubilising effect of other polar hydrophilic compounds
(low molecular wt acids, alcohols, hydroxyaldehydes and
ketones) [102]. There are mainly two approaches to improve
the quality of the PL, these are (i) by changing/controlling the
operating parameters during the pyrolysis process including
selection of the feedstock and addition of equipments and
(ii) by modifying the physical and chemical properties of the PL
after the pyrolysis process. We will now review the second approach.
6.1. Modifications/up-gradation techniques and up-graded
properties of PL
Pyrolysis liquid up-gradation techniques discussed in the literature
are concentration, hydrodeoxygenation, catalytic cracking,
emulsification, esterification (blending/addition of chemicals such
as alcohols), and steam reforming. These are discussed below:
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