inconsistencies found in past surveys, have been grouped
into three main edit categories—deterministic, query, or
fatal edits. These categories, discussed below, are based on
classifications developed by Biemer and Lyberg (2003),
who have studied and reported on various aspects of
survey quality, including techniques for finding and
reducing errors in survey data. Guidelines have been
developed for each integrity check to facilitate the review
when suspicious values are found.