Incineration
The carbon cycle of municipal solid waste incineration is represented by Eq. (4). Considering the carbon cycling, we assumed that the main carbon emission to the air was carbon dioxide, and the other carbon element was stocked in the incineration bottom ash and fly ash. The carbon content data of a typical municipal solid waste incineration plant were chosen as the reference data of the study scenario, where the total carbon (TC) was 26.3 g kg−1 and the organic carbon was 17.0 g kg−1 (Liu et al., 2013). MSW incineration bottom is a type of industrial waste, and fly ash is a type of hazardous waste; both of these need to be disposed of in landfills, and they therefore form new carbon stocks.