bacteria [30]. Several possible sources for the formation of EC have been proposed. This formation is a
spontaneous chemical reaction involving ethanol and a compound that contains a carbamoyl group such
as urea, citrulline or carbamyl phosphate. A variety of concentrations of EC have been found in wines.
Criteria related to consumer concern regarding environmental health issues include the demand for lowalcohol
wine and ethyl-carbamate-free beverages. Detection of EC in wines has prompted the selection
of strains producing no, or only traces of, ethyl carbamate precursors.